PAC BAR/TABLET SOAP
SOAP
We all make use of soap on daily basis for one purpose or another. There are various kinds of soaps in the market today which include bar soap, tablet soap, toilet soap, and medicated soap among others we are going to comment on them.
BAR/TABLET SOAP PRODUCTION:
You can produce bar/tablet soap by cold or hot system. For this seminar, we shall describe the cold system production which ensures good quality and durability. What is cold system? It is the process of soap production by which no heat is applied besides when the oil is sleepy (or solid form). Heat is then applied to turn it liquid form yet it is a cold system.
Materials/Equipment:
(1) 3 big containers of choice (half drum/full drum may be okay). One of the three is for mixing the components.
(2) One big strong table with wire cutters for bar or tablet.
(3) Hydrometer (4) hand gloves,
(5) Scrapper (6) Two strong paddles
(7) 2 Graded buckets (8) One tea cup
(9) Mould (10) Nylon (11) Thumb Tack
(12) Jug depending on the quantity you are producing.
Components:
(1) Palm Kernel Oil (PKO)
(2) Caustic soda either pearls or flakes
(3) Sodium silicate (4) Colourant
(5) Perfume.
Procedure:-
NB:- The caustic soda for soap making must be soaked overnight with water, this is called fermentation. The PKO must be in liquid form.
After soaking caustic soda overnight, check the acidity of the solution with your hydrometer. If the solution levels with 1275 of your hydrometer, it is a normal gauge. The soap produced with this gauge will not be corrosive to hands or body. If the gauge is below the above number, then it is acidic. If it is above 1275 up to 1250 then it is watery and should need more soda pearls or flakes.
The normal ration of PKO and soda solution is 2.1 that mean two buckets of PKO should go for one bucket of soda solution, two cups of PKO to one cup of soda solution etc.
Haven measured out the PKO and soda solution in different containers with your small buckets of same size one for soda, one for PKO.
Pour the PKO into a bigger container where all components will be mixed together. Add hardening agent to it and turn very well.
And sodium silicate ½ tea cup for 20 litres of PKO.
And your desired colourant which might be oil base or water base.
Perfume the mixture and stir very well with paddle.
Pour the mixture into mould already prepared with Nylon and thumbtack, allow to solidify.
The next day, remove the solid soap from mould on to your strong table that has either bar wire cutter or tablet cutter. Cut as desired and stamp. Pack in cartons for selling or usage.
TOILET SOAP:
Components:
PKO, caustic soda, silicate, perfume and colour of choice.
Procedure:
Measure out the quantity of PKO to be used in a container. Heat well on fire not necessarily to turn sleepy oil into liquid.
Measure out your soda solution in the same order as in the above.
In a third container, pour in the PKO, add your hardener slightly.
Pour the soda solution already gauged.
Add colour of choice and perfume
Pour mixture into mould and allow overnight. After drying, use your tableting machine and stamp on the soap to make it attractive and marketable.
MEDICATED SOAP:
This is basically the same procedure and component as in the case of bar and toilet soap but there are additions that are needed to make the mixture medicated.
The following ingredients are inclusive:-
(a) Detol (b) Izal (c) Carbolic acid all these go in for large quantity production.
(d) Blue colourant or any other of choice to suit your medicated soap. There should be no perfume because the odour of the above ingredients will supercede.
Procedure:-
(1) Carry your PKO and pour into the mixing container. Add your hardening agent slightly, for 20 litres of PKO and 10 litres of soda solution, add two tea cups of Izal, two tea cups of detol and two tea cups of carbolic acid.
(2) Add two cups of dissolved colourant
(3) Add ½ a tea cup of sodium silicate and stir with paddle very well.
(4) Pour into mould for drying.
(5) After drying, cut in bars and transfer them on to the tableting machine one by one.
(6) Transfer each to stamping machine
(7) Package for usage or for marketing.
DETERGENT:
This is soap in powdered form used for various purposes especially in the house.
The components are the same as in the case of other soap discussed but the difference is that while others have 2:1 ration, it has a ration of 1:1. It also demands soda ash, catalyst, and sulphunic acid.
Procedure:
1. Measure out one bucket of PKO
2. Measure out one bucket of soda solution in a different container after your gauging with hydrometer.
3. Pour the oil in bigger mixing vessel
4. Add 1kg of soda ash and stir
5. Add hydrogen to be your catalyst. Stir very well and
6. Add sulphunic acid (not sulphuric). Sulphuric acrid can be use but it is very dangerous to handle.
7. Add the soda solution and stir very well.
8. Add your colour and perfume and
9. Finally add Ammonia solution which has a pungent smell, stir well and
10. Pour into mould.
11. Leave the mixture to dry.
12. Spread under sun to dry very well then sieve to have your powdered soap.
This formular is Mrs. Chikezie Amaka’s approach to detergent making after long years of wasting time with grinding machine to get my powdered detergent.
Candles:
Candle will continue to play a vital role in the Nigeria society as long as the Power Holdings Co-operation of Nigeria continues to be inefficient. The production is easy once you lay hands on the chemicals and a good candle mould. The raw materials are procured locally.
Raw Materials:
(1) Candle wick or thread (2) Candle mould
(3) Heat (4) Paraffin (5) Pot
(6) Kettle (7) Colourant if desired (8) stand
The paraffin wax is the main chemical, which enables the candle to form block (cogeal) when cold. Colourant is used to give different colours to the candles if so desired.
The Tread or wick enables the light to burn through paraffin wax. Mould is the container in which the entire mixture is poured into the stand holds the tread straight Heat comes from either stove on fire wood to melt the wax.
STEPS FOR CANDLE PRODUCTION
(1) Set the mould on a stand and guide the threads to stand alright,
(2) Put your pot on fire
(3) Put in some quantity of candle wax
(4) Heat the wax until it dissolves
(5) Dilute colourant if necessary and add to the mixture.
(6) Transfer the mixture to the mould with your kettle.
(7) Allow the mixture to congeal
(8) Remove the mould and pick your candles.
NB: To avoid wax sticking to the mould lubricate with oil.
POWDER:
Production of powder has been another fascinating product along manufacturing industries. In this seminar paper, we are very much concerned with the production of dusting powder which requires a certain degree of production techniques. It should be born in mind that powder production is very simple for a common man to learn, provided one follows the production principles.
Equipments/Materials:
(1) Containers (2) Labels (3) Perfume
(4) Menthol
Procedure:-
(1) Buy packed powdered dust in a bag
(2) Pour little quantity in a rubber bath or basin.
(3) Add perfume of choice to suit the very powder you want to produce.
(4) Mix it very well and
(5) Pack to its marketing containers for selling
But for dusting powder.
First grind menthol crystal (BP).
Mix it together and pour inside the basin containing the powder dust mix very well and pour inside containers for market ruddiness. There is no need for perfume in this one.
DISINFECTANT: (Detol Antiseptic)
Raw Materials:
(1) Morigad (Antiseptic). Both sold in a gallon
(2) Pine Morigad
(3) Detol colourant
STEPS FOR DETOL PRODUCTION
1. Provide a bowl
2. Add Morigad and pine morigad in it
3. Dilute the detol colourant which must be diluted with water and add in the mixture.
4. Stir, pour in the marketing containers/bottles
5. Lable, cock and sell.
INSECTICIDE:
Raw Materials:-
(1) Turpentine
(2) Camphor
(3) Eucalyptus oil or Boric acid
Method:
Grind the camphor and add to turpentine. Add either Eucalyptus oil or Boric acid and stir thoroughly.
Next is to pack it to the marketing containers for selling.
